Bituminous paving composition and process for bituminous paving

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a bituminous composition, a process for preparing a bituminous paving composition and process for bituminous paving having lower mixing, paving, and compaction temperatures than for conventional hot-mix paving while retaining sufficient performance characteristics of conventional hot-mix paving. The inventive paving process comprises the steps of injecting a foamable solution comprising a lubricating substance into a heated, asphalt binder to provide a heated, foamed mixture; adding the heated, foamed mixture to a suitable, heated aggregate; further mixing the heated, foamed mixture and heated aggregate to coat the heated aggregate with the heated, foamed, asphalt binder to form a heated paving material; supplying the heated paving material to a paving machine; applying the heated paving material by the paving machine to a surface to be paved; and compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/716,204, filed Sep. 12, 2005 and entitled “Process for BituminousPaving”, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the present invention relates generally to a bituminouspaving composition and to a process of bituminous paving, and moreparticularly to a bituminous paving composition comprising a combinationof a foamed, lubricating substance, an asphalt binder, and an aggregate.

BACKGROUND

Paving roadways, driveways, parking lots, and the like with a bituminousaggregate mixture material is well known. Typically, a mixture of asuitable aggregate comprising stones, gravel, sand, and the like, isheated at an elevated temperature of about 270-370° F. and mixed with asimilarly hot, bituminous binder such as an asphalt-based binder (e.g.,asphalt or asphalt plus polymer) until the aggregate particles arecoated with the binder. Paving mixes made in this temperature range areoften referred to as a hot mix. The mixing typically occurs away fromthe paving site, and the mixture is then hauled to the site and suppliedto a paving machine. The mixture of asphalt and aggregate applied by thepaving machine to a surface is then usually roller compacted byadditional equipment while still at an elevated temperature. Thecompacted aggregate and asphalt material eventually hardens uponcooling. Because of the large mass of material in paving a roadway orcommercial parking lot, the cost of the thermal energy to achievesuitable mixing and paving is considerable. For common binders, thethermoviscosity characteristics of the binder affect the temperatureneeded to provide thorough coating of the aggregate and consideration ofthe ambient conditions suitable for paving. Consequently, numerousprocesses have been devised to optimize aggregate coating and pavementbinding while minimizing the cost of materials and/or the process.

As alternatives to hot-mix processes, there are cold-mix processes,where the aggregate, cold and moist, is mixed with a hot or cold binder,which can be an emulsion of asphalt dispersed in water using a suitablesurfactant or a mixture of asphalt and a suitable hydrocarbon solvent,such as naphtha, #1 oil, or # 2 oil, to name a few (generally referredto as a cutback asphalt). The emulsified asphalt particles coat and bindwith the aggregate and remain after the water has evaporated. When acutback asphalt is used, the hydrocarbon solvent evaporates at differentrates depending on the volatility of the solvent. Regardless of thesolvent volatility, what remains behind is a paving material where theasphalt component gradually hardens or stiffens over time as the solventis removed. The binder can alternatively be foamed and mixed with theaggregate to enhance the coating efficacy. While less expensive than hotmixes, cold mixes usually are poorer quality than the hot mixes, and mayhave poorer binder coating, resulting in less cohesive compaction anddurability. Additionally, cutback asphalt mixes have greaterenvironmental impact due to the use of volatile hydrocarbon solvents.Some emulsions also utilize hydrocarbon solvents in addition to water toproduce materials suitable for specific applications.

Recently, in an attempt to combine the advantages of hot-mix andcold-mix processes, warm-mix processes have been reported. In oneexample of a warm-mix process, both “soft” (a component with a lowerviscosity than a “hard” component at a given temperature) and “hard” (acomponent with a higher viscosity than a “soft,” component at a giventemperature) components of a bituminous binder are used. The softcomponent is melted and mixed with aggregate at about 110-265° F.,depending on the particular soft component. The heated hard component isthen mixed with warm water so as to produce a foam which is mixed withthe heated soft component/aggregate mix to achieve a final, coated,paving material. Although a warm-mix paving material can be paved atlower temperatures than hot-mix materials, it requires a more extensiveand complex process to produce the warm mix compared to a hot mix.

However the aggregate is coated, if the binder does not adhere well tothe aggregate, the binder can separate, or “strip” from the aggregate,causing the material not to remain well-compacted and thereby reducingthe overall strength of the pavement. To aid adherence of the binder tothe aggregate, the aggregate or more generally the asphalt binder may betreated with an antistripping compound or material (e.g., surfactants)to substantially reduce binder stripping by acting as a binding agentbetween the aggregate granules and bituminous binder.

Regardless of the aggregate/binder mixing process used, it is essentialthat the coated paving material not harden together during transport orwhile in the paving machine or not lack the ability to be compacted tothe proper density. Inadequately coated aggregate material, though easyto mix and handle, can cause the paved material not to remain compacted,not to properly support traffic, or not to wear and weather well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a process for bituminous paving suitablefor primary construction having significantly lower mixing, paving, andcompaction temperatures (temperatures that are 30-80° F. lower) than forconventional hot-mix paving while retaining sufficient hardening,density, and durability characteristics of conventional hot-mix paving.Generally, the inventive process comprises injecting a foamablelubricating solution into a heated, asphalt binder so as to create afoam-containing, asphalt-based mixture; adding the mixture to a heatedaggregate; further mixing the foam-containing, asphalt binder mixtureand aggregate using, for example, a static mixer, so as to coat theaggregate to form a paving material; applying the paving material to aprepared surface; and then compacting the applied paving material toform a paved surface.

The present invention also provides a bituminous paving compositioncomprising about 0.01-3 wt. %, relative to the weight of the asphaltbinder, of a lubricating substance; about 3-9 wt. % asphalt binder; andabout 91-97 wt. % aggregate. The lubricating substance is typicallyabout 5-10 wt. % cationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactant, such as soapsolids, and about 90-95 wt. % water. Alternative lubricating substancesmay have a soap solids concentration as low as 1 wt. % and, generally,30-40% is practical upper limit for pumpability of the soap solution.

The composition may further comprising an antistripping material such asa primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, animidazoline, or a phosphate ester wherein the number of carbon atoms inthe antistripping material is in the range of about 7 to 20.Alternatively, other antistripping materials that are known in the artare also suitable. When used in the composition, the amount ofantistripping material is in the range of about 0.1%-10% by weight ofthe lubricating substance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, the inventive process comprises injecting a foamablesolution comprising a lubricating substance into a heated, asphaltbinder so as to create a heated, foamed mixture; adding the heated,foamed mixture to a suitable aggregate heated to a temperature higherthan the temperature of the heated, foamed mixture; further mixing thetwo so as to coat the heated aggregate with the heated, foamed mixtureto form a heated paving material; transferring the heated pavingmaterial to a paving machine; applying the heated paving material withthe paving machine at a paving temperature to a prepared surface; andthen compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface.

One feature of the use of a foamable lubricating solution, such as anaqueous foam, is that its imparted lubricity allows the temperature ofthe paving material during paving to be significantly lower (e.g., about30-80° F. lower) than the temperature required to soften the binder toprovide similar constructability. Another feature is that an aqueousfoam comprising a lubricating substance or material requires much lesswater to similarly disperse the lubricating material than a normalemulsion or water solution would. Thus, less volume of water has to bedelivered, handled, and eventually evaporated from the paved mixture. Asuitable lubricating material is a soap. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable soaps include sodium soaps of fatty acids, sodium soaps ofsulfonic acids, ethoxylated nonylphenols, quaternary amine chlorides,and sodium or potassium soaps of tall oils and refined tall oils. Othercationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactants may also be used as suitablelubricating materials.

The substantially lower paving temperature provided by the invention may(1) reduce the cost of thermal energy used, without adversely affectingthe paving process or the resultant pavement; (2) reduce emission ofvolatile components, thereby reducing air pollution; or (2) allow use ofa “stiffer” grade of asphalt in the paving material. For example, a morereadily available PG 64-22 binder mixed with a lubricating foam may beused instead of a less stiff, PG 58-28 binder at the same warm-mixprocessing temperatures resulting in a pavement having performancesimilar to the hot mix pavement produced with the PG 58-28 binder.

Asphalt-based binders include petroleum-based binders. Asphalt bindersmay include additives, for example, such as polymeric materials.Suitable asphalt-based or asphalt binders include those binderscomplying with ASTM D-6373, D-3387, or D-946. However, some asphaltbinders in substantial but not full compliance with ASTM D-6373, D-3387,or D-946 may be used. The aggregate may comprise reclaimed asphaltpavement (RAP).

In one embodiment of the present inventive process, the foamablesolution is an aqueous solution that comprises a lubricating substancemade from a soap. The paving material comprises about 91-97 wt. %aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphalt-based binder. The amount of soapsolids used for a given amount of aggregate is about 0.01-3 wt. %relative to the weight of the asphalt-based binder used.

The heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heated to a temperaturethat is less than the temperature used to form a conventional hot mix.Depending on the particular asphalt binder that is used, suitabletemperatures are in the range of about 180-340° F. Similarly, thesuitable aggregate is heated to a temperature in the range of about180-300° F. and the heated paving material is heated and mixed at atemperature in the range of about 180-300° F. The paving material ispaved at a temperature in the range of about 170-290° F., and compactedat a temperature in the range of about 150-270° F. The foamable soapsolution can be at any temperature that does not freeze, boil theliquid, or adversely affect the foaming, but it is preferable that itstemperature be in the range of about 80-150° F.

This embodiment may be performed by injecting of the foamable solutioninto a heated, asphalt binder; adding the heated, foamed mixture to asuitable aggregate and mixing to form the heated paving material in situat or near the work site. One advantage of the invention is that itssignificantly less volume of liquid used to mix the asphalt binder withthe aggregate allows the convenience of in situ processing and reducesthe need to transport large volumes of water.

In another embodiment of the inventive process, the aqueous solutioncomprises about 30 wt. % soap solids and about 70 wt. % water; theasphalt binder comprises # PG 58-28 asphalt; the paving materialcomprises about 94.5 wt. % aggregate and about 5.5 wt. % # PG 58-28asphalt binder; and the amount of soap solids used is less than aboutthan 1 wt. % relative to the weight of the asphalt binder used. For thisparticular binder, the heated, foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heatedto a temperature of about 240-340° F.; the suitable aggregate is heatedto a temperature in the range of about 180-300° F.; and the heatedpaving material is heated and mixed at a temperature in the range ofabout 180-300° F. The paving material is paved at a temperature in therange of about 170-290° F., and compacted at a temperature in the rangeof about 150-270° F.

In another embodiment, the aqueous solution comprises about 30 wt. %soap solids and about 70 wt. % water; the asphalt binder comprises # PG64-22 asphalt; the paving material comprises about 94.5 wt. % aggregateand about 5.5 wt. % # PG 64-22 asphalt binder; and the amount of soapsolids used is less than about 1 wt. % relative to the weight of theasphalt binder used. For this particular asphalt binder, the heated,foamed-asphalt-binder mixture is heated to a temperature about 240-340°F.; the suitable aggregate is heated to a temperature in the range ofabout 180-300° F.; and the heated paving material is heated and mixed ata temperature in the range of about 180-300° F. The paving material ispaved at a temperature in the range of about 170-290° F., and compactedat a temperature in the range of about 150-270° F. Those of ordinaryskill in the art will appreciate that the heated, foamed-asphalt-bindermixture and suitable aggregate may be heated and mixed at highertemperatures and the paving material may also be paved and compacted ata higher temperatures without adversely affecting the performance of thepaved material, but doing so would be more costly in heating energyexpense.

Typically, the asphalt temperature needs to be higher than the aggregatetemperature. Depending on the asphalt grade, the asphalt might need tobe as hot as 325° F. or hotter so that it can be pumped and will foam.The aggregate temperature essentially controls the mix temperature sinceit constitutes approximately 90% of the mix by weight. The aggregatetemperature needs to be controlled to the warm-mix range of about180°-300° F. When mixing aggregate with stiff binders or thosecontaining a polymer, the normal aggregate and mixing temperature couldbe as hot as 350° F., which is a hot mix, but using the presentinvention with the same aggregate and binder, the aggregate and mixingtemperature could be reduced to 300° F., which is considered a warm mix,without adversely affecting the resulting pavement's performance.

In another embodiment of the inventive process, the foamable solutionfurther comprises an antistripping material. Non-limiting examples of asuitable antistripping material are a primary amine, a secondary amine,a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline, or a phosphate esterwherein the number of carbon atoms in these materials is in the range ofabout 7 to 20.

In yet another embodiment of the inventive process, the aqueous solutionfurther comprises an antistripping material such that the foamablesolution comprises about 30 wt. % soap solids, about 5 wt. %antistripping material, and about 65 wt. % water.

EXAMPLES

The following examples provide processing and test data for a number ofasphalt binders and aggregates, with and without lubricating substancesor agents, that are processed under conventional hot mix conditions andunder the process of the present invention.

In these examples, E-1 mix is a specific mix type conforming to State ofWisconsin Department of Transportation (“WIDOT”) requirements forpavements designed to carry up to 1 million Equivalent Single Axle Loads(ESALs) over a 20-year design life. The same is true for E-10, exceptthe ESAL value is up to 10 million. The term ESAL is well-known to thoseworking in the bituminous paving industry.

Tall oil soap and refined tall oil soap may be made by reacting the talloil or refined tall oil typically with sodium or potassium hydroxide byany one of well-known methods to produce soap. Tall oil and refined talloil are available from Arizona Chemical, Jacksonville, Fla.; GeorgiaPacific, Atlanta, Ga.; and MeadWestvaco, Stamford, Conn. Molexantistripping material is a mixture of polycycloaliphatic aminesavailable from Air Products, Allentown, Pa. Alpha Olefin sulfonate isavailable from Stepan Chemical, Winder, Ga. The choice of asphalt gradeis dependent on site-specific variables such as the particulargeographical location, local climate, traffic loads, etc.

One test of a paved material's performance is to simulate vehicletraffic stress by the number of repetitive passes a roller supporting aspecified weight load must make to cause formation of a rut of aspecified depth in the material. Such testing of compacted materialproduced by the inventive process was done using a testing machinereferred to as a Hamburg Wheel Tracking (“HWT”) Tester, also known as aPMW Wheel Tracker, available from Precision Machine and Welding, Salina,Kans. The number of Hamburg passes required to reach a rut depth of 10mm when the compacted material tested in a dry condition was used forcomparative evaluation. The test conditions were 158 lb. wheel load, 52passes per minute at the test temperature using heated air to achievethe specimen test temperature. Generally, when all other variables areessentially the same, the greater the number of passes, the better theanticipated paving mix performance. Those persons of ordinary skill inthe art and familiar with the HWT will recognize paving materials thatare suitable for a particular application based on the results that areprovided when samples are subjected to these test conditions.

In Table 1, examples where the mixing temperature is in the range of270-280° F., and the compaction temperature is about 275° F. or higherare considered conventional hot-mixes for the particular binders thatwere processed and tested; examples where the mixing temperature is inthe range of 230-235° F., and the compaction temperature is in the rangeof 215-220° F. are considered warm-mixes. Thus, examples 1, 4, 6, 7, and10 are hot-mixes, and the other examples are warm mixes for thesebinders. TABLE 1 Wt % Surfactant Surfactant, Aggregate Solution SoapHamburg Mix Blend Solids, or Passes to Example # Temperature And/orAnti- Anti-strip Rut Depth and Mix Asphalt and strip by Wt. ofCompaction of 10 mm, Formulation Binder Conditions Material BinderTemperature Dry #1: E-1 PG 58- 280° F. aged None None 275° F. 2,361passes control mix 28 for 2 hrs at at 50° C. at 280° F., lab 275° F.mixed #2: E-1, same PG 58- 230° F., aged Tall oil soap + Molex 1%215°-220° F. 1,031 Passes blend as #1, 28 for 30 anti- at 50° C. labmixed minutes at strip 230° F. #3: E-1, same PG 58- 230° F., aged Talloil soap 1% 215°-220° F. 791 passes blend as #1 28 for 30 at 50° C.minutes at 230° F. #4: E-10 mix PG 58- 280° F. aged Anti-strip None 275°F. 1,975 passes 28 for 2 hrs at added to at 58.3° C. 275° F. binder,mixing performed at conventional temperature #5: E-10 mix, PG 58- 230°F., aged Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F. 1,625 passes same as #4 28 for 30oil soap + antistrip at 57.8° C. minutes at added to soap 230° F. #6:E-1 mix, PG 58- Lab mixed at No additive None 275° F. 3,351 passescontrol test 28 280° F., cured at 58.5° C. for 2 hrs. at 275° F. #7: E-1mix, PG 58- Mixed at No additive None 275° F. 5,376 passes same as #6 28280° F., cured at 58.4° C. for 4 hrs. at 275° F. #8: E-1 mix, PG 58- PG58-28 + soap Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F. 981 passes same as #6 28 mixedat oil soap at 58° C. warm test 230° F., cured mix for 30 minutes at230° F. #9: E-1 mix, PG 64- PG 64-22 + soap Refined tall 1% 215°-220° F.1,875 passes same as #6 22 mixed at oil soap at 58.3° C. warm test 230°F., cured mix for 30 minutes at 230° F. #10: E-1 mix, PG 58- Mixed atNone None 275° F. 1,601 passes same as #6 28 280° F., cured at 58.6° C.for 2 hrs. at 275° F. #11: E-1 mix, PG 64- PG 64-22 + surfactant + anti-Alpha Olefin 1% 215°-220° F. 1,226 passes same as #6 22 strip, labsulfonate + phosphate surfactant at 58.3° C. warm test mixed at 230° F.,ester anti- solids mix cured for strip 30 minutes at 230° F. #12: E-1mix, PG 64- PG 64-22 + soap + anti- Tall oil soap + amine 1% soap215°-220° F. 3,351 passes same as #6 22 strip, lab anti- solids at 58.4°C. warm test mixed at 230° F., strip mix cured for 30 minutes at 230°F., #13: Field PG 64- PG 64-22 AC + soap, Refined tall 0.9-1% 210°-220°F. 1,626 passes mix trial, E-1 22 plant oil soap soap solids at 58.3° C.mix mixed at 230°-235° F. solution was on field mix at ˜50° F. atcompacted the time of in production laboratory #14: E-10 PG 64- E-10mix + 15% Refined tall 0.046% 215°-220° F. 6,601 passes mix + 15% 22RAP + soap, oil soap soap solids at 58.5° C. RAP + soap lab mixed at230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #15: E-10 PG 64- E-10 mix + 15%Refined tall 0.069% 215°-220° F. 5,101 passes mix + 15% 22 RAP + soap,oil soap soap solids at 58.5° C. RAP + soap lab mixed at 230° F., curedfor 30 minutes at 230° F. #16: E-1 mix + soap PG 64- E-1 mix + soap,Refined tall 0.75% soap 215°-220° F. 1,451 passes 22 lab oil soap solidsat 58.2° C. mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 minutes at 230° F. #17: E-1mix + soap PG 64- E-1 mix + soap, Refined tall 0.075% 215°-220° F. 2,225passes 22 lab oil soap soap solids at 58.2° C. mixed at 230° F., curedfor 30 minutes at 230° F. #18: E-1 mix + soap PG 64- E-1 mix + soap,Refined tall 0.15% soap 215°-220° F. 1,826 passes 22 lab oil soap solidsat 58.0° C. mixed at 230° F., cured for 30 min at 230° F. #19: Field PG64- E-1 mix Refined tall 0.97% soap laydown and 1,976 passes mix trial,E-1 22 containing oil soap, solids compaction at at 58.3° C. mix 10%RAP, temperature 210°-225° F. containing PG 64-22 AC + soap, of soap 10%RAP, plant solution in PG 64-22 AC + soap mixed at 230°-240° F. thefield was ˜35° F.

As the data indicate, generally, using the same binder for the warm-mixas for the hot-mix does not produce the same results but does provide anacceptable paving material. The warm-mix have a lower number of Hamburgpasses. This lower number is likely due to the fact that the binder doesnot age or cure as much during the warm mixing process due to the lowermix temperature and shorter curing time, as shown by comparing examples1, 2, and 3. Examples 1, 6, and 7 show that curing greatly increases theperformance of a hot-mix, and examples 16, 17, and 18 also showincreased performance with curing even with decreased soap level.Examples 1 and 4 show that addition of only an antistrip to a hot-mixdoes not improve the pavement. Example 4 was tested at a slightly highertemperature and indicates an antistrip material increases performance.All other things being equal, as much as a 50% decrease in the number ofpasses to 10 mm rut depth may occur by increasing the test temperature8° C. Examples 8 and 9 show that use of the invention with PG64-22, astiffer binder than PG58-28, results in improved performance. Examples14 and 15 show that use of the invention with PG64-22, 15% RAP, and a30-minute cure gives the highest performance pavement. This dataindicate that a binder of greater initial stiffness may be used toproduce the warm mix to yield performance approximately equal to that ofthe less stiff binder used to make hot mix. A PG 58-28 binder is lessstiff than a PG 64-22 binder, but as the data show, using a PG 64-22binder in the warm mix produces Hamburg results approximately the sameas the PG 58-28 results with the hot mix. Therefore, being able tosubstitute PG64-22 for PG58-28 by using the invention results insuitable pavement. Test results of binder recovered from both hot andwarm-mixes, not disclosed, demonstrate the similarity of theirproperties.

This invention is not to be taken as limited to only the details of theembodiments described herein, as modifications and variations thereofmay be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventionas claimed.

1. A process of preparing a bituminous paving composition comprising thesteps of a) injecting a foamable solution comprising a lubricatingsubstance into a heated asphalt binder to provide a heated, foamedmixture; b) adding the heated, foamed mixture to a suitable, heatedaggregate; and c) further mixing the heated, foamed mixture and heatedaggregate to coat the heated aggregate with the heated, foamed, asphaltbinder to form a heated paving composition.
 2. The process of claim 1,wherein the foamable solution is an aqueous solution; the lubricatingsubstance is a soap; the paving material comprises about 91-97 wt. %aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphalt binder; the amount of soap usedfor a given amount of aggregate is about 0.01-3 wt. % relative to theweight of the asphalt binder used.
 3. The process of claim 1, whereinthe aqueous solution comprises about 5-10 wt. % soap solids and about90-95 wt. % water.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the foamablesolution is an aqueous solution; the lubricating substance is acationic, anionic, or non-ionic surfactant; the paving materialcomprises about 91-97 wt. % aggregate and about 3-9 wt. % asphaltbinder; and the amount of surfactant used is about 0.01-3 wt. % relativeto the weight of the asphalt binder used.
 5. The process of claim 1wherein the heated asphalt binder temperature is 30-80° F. lower thanconventional hot mix temperatures.
 6. The process of claim 1 furthercomprising the step of adding an antistripping material to the heatedpaving composition.
 7. A process of bituminous paving comprising thesteps of a) injecting a foamable solution comprising a lubricatingsubstance into an asphalt binder heated to a temperature that is 30-80°F. lower than conventional hot mix temperatures used for the asphaltbinder to provide a heated, foamed mixture; b) adding the heated, foamedmixture to a suitable aggregate; c) further mixing the heated foamedmixture and heated aggregate to coat the heated aggregate with theheated, foamed, asphalt binder to form a heated paving material; d)providing the heated paving material to a paving machine; e) applyingthe paving material by the paving machine to a surface to be paved; andf) compacting the applied paving material to form a paved surface. 8.The process of claim 7, wherein the heated asphalt binder is attemperature of about 180-340° F.
 9. The process of claim 7, wherein theheated asphalt temperature is less than about 230° F.
 10. The process ofclaim 7, wherein the foamable solution further comprises anantistripping material.
 11. The process of claim 7, wherein the suitableaggregate comprises reclaimed asphalt pavement material.
 12. Abituminous paving composition comprising about 0.01-3 wt. %, relative tothe weight of the asphalt binder, of a lubricating substance; about 3-9wt. % asphalt binder; and about 91-97 wt. % aggregate.
 13. Thecomposition of claim 12, wherein the lubricating substance is about 5-10wt. % soap solids and about 90-95 wt. % water.
 14. The composition ofclaim 13, wherein the soap solids are sodium soaps of fatty acids,sodium soaps of sulfonic acids, ethoxylated non-phenols, quaternaryamine chlorides, or sodium or potassium soaps of tall oils and refinedtall oils.
 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the lubricatingsubstance is about 5-10 wt. % of an cationic, anionic, or non-ionicsurfactant and about 90-95 wt. % water.
 16. The composition of claim 12,further comprising an antistripping material.
 17. The composition ofclaim 16, wherein the antistripping material is a primary amine, asecondary amine, a tertiary amine, an imido amine, an imidazoline, or aphosphate ester wherein the number of carbon atoms in the antistrippingmaterial is in the range of about 7 to
 20. 18. The process of claim 17,wherein the amount of antistripping material is in the range of about0.1%-10% by weight of the lubricating substance.
 19. The composition ofclaim 12, wherein the lubricating substance comprises about 30 wt. %soap solids, about 5 wt. % antistripping material, and about 65 wt. %water.